The principle of access to justice is composed of a set of legal and organizational factors for the civil justice system to provide accessible and effective judicial services. The principle of access is one of the strategic principles in the general theory of civil procedure, which has a moral basis and a functional approach. Among the features of the principle of access to justice should be easy access, free access and quick access to the courts of law. Easy access to the allocation of resources and judicial facilities is based on judicial accountability and ritual compliance. The principle of free access comes into effect once the process of judicial proceedings, such as litigation, private litigation, and compulsory advocacy starts. In the present paper, the concepts of access to justice will be Finally, some conclusions will be drawn on the principle of access to the judicial system. The approach taken in this essay is within the purview of comparative studies.

Background: Angioaccess is one of the main treatment procedures for surgeons considering dialysis patients. End stage renal disease patients have to spend most of their lives under dialysis; therefore, given the high expenditure of angioaccess surgeries, this study was conducted to evaluate the patency rate and complications of arteriovenous access operations.Methods: In this prospective study, 169 patients underwent 311 access surgeries for hemodialysis. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS.Findings: Life table analysis showed that of 169 patients with fistulas, 84.9% of cases were patent after 2 months, and 80.5% and 73% were patent after 4 and 6 months, respectively. There was no significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic patients patency rate in cubital access, but the patency rate in distal fistulas was significantly lower in diabetics. Different complications were recorded in 48.6% of patients, mainly heart failure and mild edema.Conclusion: Diabetes was higher among our cases than normal population which can be due to poor screening programs and low information on risks and correct follow-up of patients. In diabetic patients, cubital fistulas should be considered prior to distal accesses. Complication rate in our study was higher than those reported. Since complications are significantly surgeon dependent, more attention to residential education and participating in related workshops can be helpful.

Introduction: Inability to establish a success vascular access or associated complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients.Objective: Relative Frequency of Success and Complications of Vascular Access in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in Razi Hospital (2007).Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on ESRD patients in Razi Hospital. The data were collected based on interview and physical examination. Because of the probability of failure in access of any patient and need to another access establishment, the access numbers was more than the patients number.Results: Among total of 151 patients 59.6% of patients was man and 40.4% was woman. The mean age of patients was 54.22±14.39 years. Success rate of dialysis was 86.1%. 82.9% of vascular access was used less than 2 months of creation (mean=31-60 days). 32 cases of complications (15.6%) were recorded which included: 9 cases of false aneurysm, 9 cases of venous hypertension, 5 cases of infection, 4 cases of steal syndrome, 3 cases of true aneurysm and 2 cases of thrombosis. The most number of complications were happened in antecobital AVF.Conclusion: Success rate of dialysis in this study is like that other studies.  Because of patients don't refer in proper time; use of vascular access was performed in less than 2 months of creation. It can increase complications and decrease patency rate of vascular access. On the other hand, to decrease the cost, usage of graft is less than native AVF, it could be reason of increased presence of complications in native AVF.

Background: While considering the rise in the mean age of the chronic renal failure (CRF) patients and increasing frequency of those who need constant hemodialysis, the creation of a native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is not possible, which could be due to the inaccessibility of the superficial veins. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the vascular access, using cryopreserved jugular vein.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 15 sheep (Wt.= 30-40 kg) were selected between the year 2001 and 2002. The external jugular vein of each sheep was excised and after cryopreservation was put in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). Twenty-eight days later, the sample veins were used as allograft (in another sheep), and autograft (in the same sheep) and were placed between carotid artery and external jugular vein as bridge AVF. The efficacy, function, and patency were evaluated using doppler sonography and pathologic report.Results: Patency rate of sample was 100% after 3 months in both allografts and autografts. Thrombosis, hematoma, and infection were not seen. No inflammation was detected in pathologic report.Conclusion: This study showed that using allograft vein for vascular access is feasible and suitable, and it is recommended specially for those with previously infected fistula.

Over the past year, the journal Frontiers in Emergency Medicine (FEM) has reinforced its dedication to advancing emergency medicine by featuring research from five continents, including Iran, Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Spain, Canada, and the United States. The high volume of submissions reflects growing trust in FEM, though only 20.9% are accepted due to stringent scientific and ethical standards. A major milestone this year was FEM's inclusion in the EBSCO and Magiran databases, increasing visibility. FEM aims to expand publishing opportunities while maintaining quality through expert review. This article highlights key achievements and research contributions from the past year.